Fig. 4

Summary of major findings. (A) The dementia, anxiety, depression, and glycemia state of both male and female apoE3-TR and apoE4-TR mice (M-E3, M-E4, F-E3, and F-E4) and their metformin-treated counterparts. The dark gray solid and dashed circles represent the M-E3 and M-E3-Met groups, while the dark orange solid and dashed circles signify the M-E4 and M-E4-Met groups, respectively. Similarly, the light gray solid and dashed circles indicate the F-E3 and F-E3-Met groups and the light orange solid and dashed circles represent the F-E4 and F-E4-Met groups, respectively. The yellow, light red, purple, and orange wedges correspond to dementia, anxiety, depression, and glycemia states, respectively. The height of the wedge indicates the degree of the corresponding state between the two groups in which it is located. (B) The risk factors associated with dementia, anxiety, depression, and glycemic states, as well as the factors that reduce susceptibility to metformin treatment for these conditions in aged mice. The term “Male×ApoE4” indicates that the ApoE4 genotype interacts with the male sex, leading to an increased likelihood of developing dementia or anxiety. M, male; F, female; E3, ApoE3; E4, ApoE4; Met, metformin